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视频课题：高中英语人教版选修十Book 10 Unit 2 King Lear Period 1 A sample lesson plan for reading江西省 - 九江
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高中英语人教版选修十Book 10 Unit 2 King Lear Period 1 A sample lesson plan for reading江西省 - 九江
William Shakespeare (baptised April 26, 1564 – April 23, 1616) was an English poet and playwright. Shakespeare has the reputation as one of the greatest of all writers in the English language and in Western literature, as well as one of the world's pre-eminent dramatists. Indeed, some critics have raised their praise of him to the level of bardolatry. Shakespeare wrote his works between 1586 and 1616, although the exact dates and chronology of the plays attributed to him are often uncertain. Shakespeare is among the very few playwrights who have excelled in both tragedy and comedy, and his plays combine popular appeal with complex characterization, poetic grandeur and philosophical depth. Shakespeare's
works have been translated into every major living language, and his plays are continually performed all around the world. In addition, quotations from his plays have passed into everyday usage in many languages. Over the years, many people have speculated about Shakespeare's life, raising questions about his sexuality and debating whether someone else wrote his plays and poetry.
■ Looking and saying about the eight model plays
Hi, everyone! We shall go to the theater tonight. But first let’s look at these photos and learn something about the model plays which used to be so popular in China. The eight model plays included:
▲ The Legend of the Red Lantern ▲ Shajiabang
▲ Taking the Tiger Mountain by Strategy ▲ The Harbor
▲ Sweeping the White Tiger Regiment ▲ The Azalea Mountain ▲ Song of the Dragon River ▲ The Warfare on the Plain ▲ Panshiwan
▲ Red Detachment of Women
Now we go to page 11 to read a model play by Shakespeare ■Warming up by watching King Lear (1983) (TV)
I have something wonderful to show you. A TV play called King Lear (1983) (TV). The whole production was beclouded with grayness, as suits the theme of seeing/sight, yet the acting was elegiac. Diana Rigg and Dorothy Tutin were as seeming kindly as they were brutal. Robert Lindsay's Edmund was as
poisonous as he was seemingly loving and loyal. But what I take away most specially was Olivier, as Lear, lifting a lock of his dead Cordelia's hair in his bowed hands to his face, taking a breath, a last scent. I cried. It was a most elegant summary of a parent's loss. I. Pre-reading—getting to know about King Lear
King Lear is generally regarded as one of William Shakespeare's greatest tragedies. It is believed to have been written in 1605 and is based on the legend of Leir, a king of pre-Roman Britain. His story had already been told in chronicles, poems and sermons, as well as on the stage, when Shakespeare undertook the task of retelling it.
After the Restoration, the play was often modified by theatre practitioners who disliked its nihilistic flavour, but, since World War II, it has come to be regarded as one of Shakespeare's greatest achievements. The part of King Lear has been played by many great actors, but is generally considered a role to be taken on only by those who have reached an advanced age. II. Reading
On page 12 there is a play by Shakespeare entitled "King Lear" You are going to read it aloud to the recording.
Now read the text again to: cut/ the sentence into thought groups, blacken the predicative, darken the connectives and underline all the useful expressions.
What is a play?
A play is a form of literature, usually consisting chiefly of dialog between characters, and usually intended for performance rather than reading. However, many scholars study plays in this more academic manner, particularly classical plays such as those of Shakespeare (rare authors, notably George Bernard Shaw, have had little preference whether their plays were performed or read). The term play refers both to the written works of dramatists and to the complete theatrical performances of such.
Plays are generally performed in a theatre by actors. To better communicate a unified interpretation of the text in question, productions are usually overseen by directors, who often put their own unique interpretation on the production. (See theatre and related topics for more detailed information on the process of producing plays for performance.)
King Lear
Part 1
The king’s throne room. Enter King Lear; the king’s daughters: Goneril, Regan/ and Cordelia; the Dukes of Albany/ and Cornwall, Goneril’s/ and Regan’s husbands; and the Duke of Kent, a loyal friend of the king.
LEAR: My dear daughters, I am growing old /and tired. The burden of government sits
heavily /on my shoulders. I have decided to retire/ and hand over the heavy load of responsibility /to you three. See, here is a map of my kingdom /with all the boundaries /drawn on it. I have divided the kingdom into three parts, and /allocated one part/ to each of you. Now/ tell me, my dears, which of you loves me /the most? For whichever of you has for me/ the most devotion /I will give to her /the best part of everything /I own. Goneril, what do you say?
GONERIL: Sir, I do not have the words/ to express the depth of my devotion. I love you
/more than all the riches /in the world, more than my freedom, more even than my own eyesight. In fact, I love you /more than life itself.
LEAR: (showing his daughter the map) /My darling girl. You /and your husband Albany
shall have this part of my kingdom/ with all its rivers/ and forests /and mountains. And /your children shall own it /after you. Now /Regan, it is your turn. What have you got to say to me?
REGAN: In expressing her love for you, my sister has also expressed mine. Yet /I love you/
even more than words can say. I adore you /more than anything else/ in the whole world. My greatest happiness is in loving you.
LEAR: To you /and your husband Cornwall /and to your future children, I give this part of
my kingdom/ (showing them/ on the map). This part is equal in value /to what I give to Goneril. Now/ my darling, my favourite, my Cordelia. What have you to say /to delight an old man/ and earn the best part of his kingdom?
CORDELIA: Nothing, my father. LEAR: Nothing? CIRDEKUA: Nothing.
LEAR: You’ll get nothing/ for nothing. I pray you, speak.
CORDELIA: I’m sorry/ but /I’m not as clever as my sisters. I cannot describe my feelings/
with such fancy words. I love you /as it is right /and proper/ for a daughter /to love her father, neither less /nor more.
LEAR: Try harder, Cordelia, or you may lose your share of the kingdom.
CORDELIA: My dear father, you brought me into this world, you cared for me/ and loved
me. In return /I love, honour /and obey you. I do not understand why /my sisters spoke as they did. If they do indeed love you/ that much, then /I don’t understand why /they ever got married. You see, when I marry, it will be my duty /to give half my love/ to my husband.
LEAR: You truly mean what you say? CORDELIA: Yes, Your Majesty.
LEAR: So young /and so hard-hearted. CORDELIA: So young /and so truthful, my Lord.
LEAR: Well, then. Let truth be your reward. You are no longer my daughter/ but a
stranger /to my heart.
KENT: But sir …
LEAR: Be quiet, Kent. Do not come between me/ and my anger. She was my favourite
daughter. With her/ I hoped to spend my old age. But /that is never going to happen now. You, servant! Go /and find the king of France/ and the Duke of Burgundy. We’ll see if /either wants to be a bridegroom/ when she has no riches/ to bring to the marriage. Goneril, Regan, I shall distribute my kingdom /between the two of you. I shall take nothing /for myself /except a troop of one hundred /of my most loyal soldiers /to care for/ and protect me. And /as I have no third-born daughter, I will spend my days /with you two ---- a month /with one/ and then /a month /with the other.
KENT: But sir, I beg you …
LEAR: Do not contradict me. It is done.
KENT: But sir, please hear me out. I speak on behalf of Cordelia. I have served you /for
many years/ and you know that/ I have always honoured you /as my king/ and loved you /as a father, but /I believe /you are being influenced /by false flattery. Cordelia’s devotion to Your Majesty is beyond question.
LEAR: Kent, if you value your life, say no more.
KENT: I have to speak out, my Lord. I would rather lose my life/ than see you make
such a mistake. You do wrong to cause friction between yourself and your daughter. I forecast that /such actions will cause great conflict/ throughout your kingdom.
LEAR: How dare you oppose me. Get out of my sight. Pack up your things/ and be gone
from my kingdom. If you have not passed /beyond my frontiers/ within five days. I will have you killed.
III. Copying expressions and making sentences
king’s throne room, a loyal friend of the king, grow old and tired, the burden of government, sit heavily on one’s shoulders, decide to do, hand over, the heavy load of responsibility to…, a map of one’s kingdom, with all the boundaries, draw on…, divide…into…, allocate…to…, give to sb. sth., have the words to express the depth of one’s devotion, more than all the riches, in the world, more than one’s freedom, more even than one’s own eyesight, in fact, love sb. more than life itself, show sb. sth., own sth. after sb., it is one’s turn, have got to say to sb., in expressing one’s love for sb., love sb. even more than words can say, adore sb. more than anything else in the whole world, be in loving sb., show sb. on the map, be equal in value to…, delight sb., earn the best part of his kingdom, get nothing for nothing, pray sb., as clever as sb., describe one’s feelings with such fancy words, neither less nor more, lose one’s share of…, bring sb. into this world, care for sb., in return, love sb. that much, got married, give sth. to sb., Your Majesty, let truth be one’s reward, no longer, a stranger to one’s heart, be quiet, come between… and…, hope to spend one’s old age, distribute…between…, nothing except…, a troop of one hundred of one’s most loyal soldiers, have no third-born daughter, spend one’s days with sb., a month with one, a month with the other, I beg you …,hear sb. out, speak on behalf of sb., honour sb. as a king, love sb. as a father, be influenced by false flattery, one’s devotion to Your Majesty, beyond question, value one’s life, say no more, speak out, would rather lose one’s life than do…, see sb. do sth., make such a mistake, do wrong, cause friction between…and…, cause
great conflict, throughout one’s kingdom, how dare you…, oppose me, get out of one’s sight, pack up one’s things, be gone from…, passed beyond one’s frontiers, within five days, have sb. killed
IV. Making a list of characters of King Lear
Characters of King Lear
King Lear is ruler of Britain. He's a patriarchal figure whose misjudgement of his daughters brings about his downfall.
Goneril is Lear's treacherous eldest daughter and wife to the Duke of Albany. Regan is Lear's treacherous second daughter, and wife to the Duke of Cornwall. Cordelia is Lear's youngest daughter.
The Duke of Albany is Goneril's husband. Goneril scorns him for his "milky gentleness". He turns against his wife later in the play.
The Duke of Cornwall is Regan's husband. He has the Earl of Kent put in the stocks, leaves Lear out on the heath during a storm, and gouges out Gloucester's eyes. After his attack on Gloucester, one of his servants attacks and mortally wounds him.
The Earl of Gloucester is Edgar's father, and the father of the illegitimate son, Edmund. Edmund deceives him against Edgar, and Edgar flees, taking on the disguise of Tom of Bedlam.
The Earl of Kent is always faithful to Lear, but he is banished by the king after he protests against Lear's treatment of Cordelia. He takes on a disguise and serves the king without letting him know his true identity.
Edmund is Gloucester's illegitimate son. He works with Goneril and Regan to further his ambitions, and the three of them form a romantic triangle.
Edgar is the legitimate son of the Earl of Gloucester. Disguised as Tom of Bedlam, he helps his blind father. At the end of the play, he assumes reign of the kingdom.
Oswald is Goneril's servant, and is described as "a serviceable villain". He tries to murder Gloucester, but is instead killed by Edgar.
The Fool is a jester who is devoted to Lear and Cordelia. V. Closing down by putting the play into a story To end this period we are going to put the play into a story. A Brief Summary of King Lear - Part I
The play opens with King Lear deciding how to retire his throne. He decides to divide his land up among his three daughters. Whichever daughter can lavish him
with the most praise and prove they love him most, will get the best land. Regan and Goneril are the first to profess their love to their father. Lear is gratified and grants each a healthy portion of land. He saves the last, but best portion of land for his youngest and favorite daughter, Cordelia. Cordelia, unfortunately, is unwilling to lie to her father. She will not allow herself to behave in the way her sisters did. She simply states that she loves Lear as much as any daughter should, no more, no less. The furious Lear attempts to persuade Cordelia to reconsider her answer, but after unsuccessfully doing so, rashly decides to bestow no land on her and essentially banishes her from his site. One of Cordelia's suitors, The Duke of Burgundy, loses all interest in the powerless daughter. The King of France recognizes Cordelia's virtues and takes her even without any land.
The loyal Kent attempts to change Lear's mind with blunt honesty, but is banished for
contradicting Lear's proclamation. Lear is going to live with his eldest daughters, yet still keep the title "King." Secretly, Goneril and Regan conspire to not allow Lear to exert his title over anything.
Meanwhile, the Earl of Gloucester suffers a similar lapse in judgement. He is easily deceived by his bastard son, Edmund. Edmund draws up a phony letter that implicates the good son, Edgar, in a conspiracy to kill his father. Then, he "accidentally" allows Gloucester to see it. Edmund furthers his evil intentions by lying to Edgar, stating that Gloucester is angry, and advising him to run away. This effectively pits the two against each other and earns Edmund a promotion by his father. Edgar flees into the woods and takes the disguise of a madman named Poor Tom.
Proving his valiant worth, even though he was wronged by Lear, Kent returns in disguise and asks to be Lear's servant. Lear accepts him unknowing of his true identity. It is clear at this point in the play that Lear expects to be treated as a King even though he has no power to back the title. The court jester, aptly named The Fool, appears and provides a scathing commentary on Lear's situation. Lear recognizes what he says, but since he is the jester, The Fool is not punished for his comments.
Additional Materials
Complete the summary of the text with one word in each blank.
In the first storm scene, which is difficult, Lear is going crazy. He: ▲ __1___ calls on the power of the storm to sterilize the human race;
▲ __2___ accuses the storm of taking sides with his daughters against his dignity and being their degraded slave;
▲ ___3__, realizing that people have deceived him, says the storm must be "the gods’s way of finding and punishing secret evildoers”, and that he is "a man more sinned against than sinning";
▲ __4___ comments, "my wit begins to turn", i.e., he realizes he is going crazy -- in literature, becoming insane is often a metaphor for changing the way you look at yourself and the world;
▲ notices the jester is cold, __5___ comments __6___ he is also cold; this is the first time Lear has been responsive to the needs and concerns of someone else; ▲ accepts Kent's suggestion __7___ take shelter in a hut. (key: 1. first 2. then 3.then 4. then 5. and 6.that 7.to)
Notes to the difficult sentences
1. You’ll get nothing for nothing. 你啥也不说就啥也得不到。
由nothing构成的短语搭配还有：all or nothing，be nothing much to write home about，be nothing short of，be nothing to shout about，be nothing to sneeze/sniff at， for nothing，a good-for-nothing，good-for-nothing，have nothing between the/your ears，have nothing going for you/it，have nothing to do with someone/something，here goes nothing，like nothing on earth，make something out of nothing，much ado about nothing，next to nothing，not for nothing，nothing but something，nothing daunted nothing doing，nothing if not something，nothing less than something，nothing much, nothing short of something，nothing to do with，(there's) nothing to it，nothing to
sneeze at，nothing to write home about，stop at nothing，stop at nothing (to do something)，sweet nothings，There's nothing to it.，think nothing of doing something, think nothing of something/doing something，to say nothing of something
2. I love you as it is right and proper for a daughter to love her father, neither less nor more. 我爱你，以女儿爱父亲的恰当形式爱你，一分不多，一分不少。As引导的是方式状语从句，for到句号是真主语，it是形式主语。方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
3. Let truth be your reward. 让真诚作为你的回报吧。
be是不带to的不定式短语作宾补。 类似例句有：We often hear the girl sing the song. 能带这种复合宾语的动词为感官动词、短语动词和使役动词如let，feel，notice，help，make，have，listen to，hear，see，watch，look at，observe.注：①如果这种结构变为被动语态，不定式就必然带to. ②help后的不定式可以带to也可不带to。
4. You are no longer my daughter but a stranger to my heart.在我心里，你不再是我的女儿，只是个陌生人了。
no longer 和 no more 在用法上的区别: no longer 和 no more，在汉语中都有“不
再”的意思，但是 no longer 更侧重于强调时间上“不再”，而 no more 更侧重于强调数量上 “不再”。
5. But sir, please hear me out.但是，先生，请听我把话说完。
hear someone out： to listen to someone until they have finished. Everyone in that room was angry when I got there, but except for one person, they all stayed to hear me out. Usage notes: sometimes used as a request: “Can we end this discussion and get back to work?” “Hear me out, please — I want to be sure you understand my point.”
6. I have always honored you as my king and loved you as a father. 我一直把你当作国王来敬重，当作父亲来爱戴。
句中as是prep，用法如下：①used to describe sb/sth appearing to be sb/sth else: They were all dressed as clowns. The bomb was disguised as a package. ② used to describe the fact that sb/sth has a particular job or function: She works as a courier. Treat me as a friend. I respect him as a doctor. You can use that glass as a vase. The news came as a shock. She had been there often as a child (= when she was a child).
7. I would rather lose my life than see you make such a mistake. 我宁愿献出我的生命也不愿看见你犯下如此错误。
rather than的用法是： instead of sb/sth: I think I’ll have a cold drink rather than coffee. Why didn’t you ask for help, rather than trying to do it on your own? 8. You do wrong to cause friction between yourself and your daughter. 你做错事了，让你和女儿之间产生摩擦。
短语do wrong 中“wrong”是名称，用法如下：① [U] behaviour that is not honest or morally acceptable: Children must be taught the difference between right and wrong. Her son can do no wrong in her eyes.② [C] (formal) an act that is not legal, honest or morally acceptable: It is time to forgive past wrongs if progress is to be made. 由wrong构成的短语搭配还有：in the wrong： responsible for an accident, a mistake, an argument, etc.: The motorcyclist was clearly in the wrong. It took a lot of courage to admit that she was in the wrong. two wrongs don’t make a right (saying) used to say that if sb does sth bad to you, the situation will not be improved by doing sth bad to them
Reading comprehension questions 1. What is King Lear valued for?
A. King Lear is valued for its probing into the meaning of human life and suffering. B. King Lear is valued for its investigations into the meaning of money. C. King Lear is valued for its discovery of the secret of family life. D. King Lear is valued for its solution to the problem of marriage. 2. The word “adore” in the 4th paragraph means _________. A. To worship as God or a god
B. To regard with deep, often rapturous love. See Synonyms at revere1 C. To like very much: adores mink coats D. To honour
3. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. King Lear shows how Shakespeare adapted a well known fairy tale and turned it into a dark
play about family relationships.
B. King Lear discusses how tyranny and rejection between parents and children can lead to extreme cruelty, suffering and madness.
C. In King Lear's very first scene, we see none of the play's basic themes and images to be revealed.
D. King Lear exiles his favorite daughter, Cordelia, for a trifling offense, and those daughters he does favor soon turn against him.
4. What does the sentence “You’ll get nothing for nothing.” mean? A. You’ll receive nothing from me if you pay me nothing. B. You’ll receive nothing from me if you say nothing to delight me. C. You’ll receive nothing from me if you if you have nothing. D. You’ll receive nothing from me if you know nothing. (key: ABCB) 相关高考链接
状语从句
King Lear中包含有大量的状语从句，如：
Yet I love you even more than words can say. （比较状语从句）
I love you as it is right and proper for a daughter to love her father, neither less nor more.（方式状语从句）
I do not understand why my sisters spoke as they did. （方式状语从句）
If they do indeed love you that much, then I don’t understand why they ever got married. （条件状语从句）
You see, when I marry, it will be my duty to give half my love to my husband. （时间状语从句）
We’ll see if either wants to be a bridegroom when she has no riches to bring to the marriage. （时间状语从句）
And as I have no third-born daughter, I will spend my days with you two ---- a month with one and then a month with the other. （原因状语从句） Kent, if you value your life, say no more. （条件状语从句）
If you have not passed beyond my frontiers within five days. （条件状语从句） 以下我们要全面复习一下定语从句。 1. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。 2. 方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如……"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。 3. 原因状语从句
比较：because, since, as和for
1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.
4. 目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. He wrote the name down for fear that (lest) he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 5. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。 比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school 6. 条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. 典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately. A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
7. 让步状语从句 though, although
注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用 Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。 He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语） 典型例题
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless 答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。 2) as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. 注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems… 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 3) ever if, even though. 即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whether…or- 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 19.8 比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。 9. 比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。
否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。 肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.） 否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。 1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。 2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。 ---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？ --- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。 注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 (1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
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