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浙教版科学八年级下册4.3植物的根与物质吸收(第一课时)浙江

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浙教版科学八年级下册4.3 植物的根与物质吸收(第一课时)浙江师范大学婺州外国语学校

科学来自对生活的观察和实验的探究 
第 1 页 共 6 页 
《4.3植物的根与物质吸收(第1课时)》教学设计 
 
【教材处理】 
本节内容选自浙教版初中科学八年级下册第四章第3节《植物的根与物质吸收》的第1课时,是在前面学习土壤相关知识后,从植物根与土壤联系过渡到后面植物根茎叶的学习。 
教学设计从三个环节:“认识根系”、“根尖吸水部位”“根尖吸水失水原理”开展学习,先从生活中的种子萌发,引出课题根及其功能;通过学生辨认区分5样蔬菜的根系,得出根的分类;通过教师演示实验得出根尖吸水部位在根尖;通过分组观察植物的根尖和自学,得出根尖细胞结构特点与功能相适应;通过显微镜的动态细胞变化得出根尖吸水失水原理。本节教学重点是根尖结构和根尖吸水的原理。 
设计的亮点是采用大量的实物展示,让学生从熟悉的生活中现象开始根的学习,根尖结构和根尖吸水的原理学习从学生肉眼观察,放大镜观察,再到显微镜根尖直接观察、永久装片观察根尖结构,最后到临时装片吸水失水动态实验的呈现,极大的给予了学生视觉效果的震撼感,也符合学生先从生活观察,再到实验探究,然后得出科学结论,最后课外拓展对生活现象的分析解决的学习思维特点。 【教学目标】 
知识与技能: 区分植物的直根系和须根系;掌握根尖的基本结构的细胞特点与功能,掌握根 
尖吸水的部位和吸水原理。 
过程与方法:通过观察不同植物的根系,区别直根系和须根系;通过组织学生用放大镜培养
学生的观察能力;通过显微镜观察根尖的结构和细胞失水实验的微观呈现, 
培养学生分析总结能力。                                                             
情感、态度与价值观:通过讲解根尖四个分区的细胞结构特点和相应功能,使学生建立“结
构与功能相适应”的生物学习观点;通过对生活植物常见现象的分析,让学生再次体会科学的生活化,学习科学的方法观察与实验。 
【教学重难点】 
教学重点:根尖结构的细胞特点与功能相适应 教学难点:根尖吸水失水的原理 【教学用具】 
多媒体设备准备:多媒体白板、实物投影、数码显微镜 
实验器材准备:载玻片、盖玻片、镊子、清水、浓盐水、吸水纸、培养皿 
实物准备:萌发3天已经长出根毛的小麦种子、萌发10天以上的小麦幼苗、未萌发的小麦种子,洋葱表皮、葱、大蒜、香菜、芹菜、苋菜 
 
                    
             
                    
                              
 
                    
             
                    
                            科学来自对生活的观察和实验的探究 
第 3 页 共 6 页 
【教学过程】 教学环节 教学过程 
设计意图 
学生活动 
教师活动 
  导入 (3分钟) 
导入:实物展示一杯小麦种子,先让学生猜测是什么植物? 
师:种子在萌发的时候最先长出的是什么部分? 生:根! 
师:你做如此判断是因为根有什么作用? 生:因为先长出根需要吸收水分和无机盐。 
 
总结:今天我们就来学习植物的根。 
实物展示台: 分别展示:未萌发的小麦种子和已经萌发3天的小麦种子 
从小麦种子的萌发引出本节的课题—根 
根的功能 (2分钟) 
过渡:从刚才的分析过程中我们可以知道,植物的根主要
有哪些作用呢?  
生:吸收水和无机盐;固定植株(可以让学生亲自尝试拔出水槽中的幼苗,体会根固定在吸水中) 
展示一盆植物,让学生体验“固定”作用 
通过“拔”植物加深学生对固定作用的体验。 
   根的分类 (5分钟) 
过渡:在土壤中不断吸收水分和无机盐各种植物的根,是
不是都长得一样呢?有哪些环境因素会影响植物根系在土壤中的分布情况? 
生:植物的种类、土壤水分、肥沃程度、通气情况等会影响植物根系的生长和分布。 师:今天给同学们带来了一些蔬菜的根,来验证植物种类对根系的影响。接下来我们进行“蔬菜大比拼”环节,请能辨认出来的同学快速举手进行抢答。 
 
实物展示台: 展示:5样蔬菜 
先让学生抢
答蔬菜名称,再请一位同学到讲台进行分组,等同学完成分类后,实物展示分类结果 
抢答蔬菜名称,活跃课堂气氛。 
从熟悉的蔬菜入手,认识根系的分类,让学生真正体会科学来
 
                    
             
                    
                            请一位同学上台对根进行分组,并说明理由 生:一组是有很明显的主根,一组是没有主根的 
师:对的,植物所有的根合称为根系,有明显主根的,我们就把它称为直根系,没有明显主根的,我们称为须根系。  自生活 
根吸水的部位 (3分钟) 
过渡:不管根如何分类,他的主要作用还是在于吸收,那么跟吸收水分的具体部分会在哪里呢?生:根尖 师:如何设计实验来验证这一猜想 
教师演示:取出两组长势相似的植物,把其中2株的根尖剪掉,并在切口处涂上石蜡,另一组不做处理。 (若前面不能答出根尖,则问:老师剪掉根尖的操作是基于什么假设?) 
生:根吸水的部分在根尖。 师:涂上石蜡的目的是什么? 生:防止根尖吸水。 
师:其实老师在课前已经做了几组涂上石蜡的幼苗    (展示整杯幼苗) 
    你们能从这些幼苗中找出哪些才是剪掉根尖并在切口处涂上石蜡的绿豆幼苗 
生:剪掉根尖并涂上石蜡的一组,将会枯萎,而另一组不做处理的长势会很好 
师:由此,你能得出什么结论? 生:根尖是植物根吸水的主要部位。 
 
取一植物幼苗,直接用剪刀剪掉幼苗的根尖  
实物展示台:让学生从几株植物中找出,提前2小时涂上石蜡的幼苗2株,并说明实验现象 
先从教师的演示操作中,让学生做出实验探究
的假设,再通过辨认实验组,增加学生做实验现象的判断 
   根尖的结构(10分钟) 
过渡:因为根尖是生长、分化、吸收功能最活跃的部位,
而根尖上有哪些结构特点能体现这一功能呢。这需要我们把根尖进一步放大观察。 
实物展示小麦的根尖(小组观察) 
师:仔细观察小麦的根尖,你能看到的最大的特点是什么?生:有很多绒毛 师:其实这些绒毛就是植物根尖的根毛,再仔细观察根尖的其他部位。对比显微镜的根尖结构图,请仔细观察,你认为可以分为哪几个区域?你的分区标准是什么? 生:3个区域,因为颜色有很大不同 师:说明不同区域的功能是不同的,对应的结构特点也不
引导学生先肉眼观察,放大镜观察, (实物展示
台小麦根尖,可圈出根毛
区加深提醒) 从学生肉眼观察,放大镜观察,再到
显微镜根尖直接观
察、永久
 
                    
             
                    
                            科学来自对生活的观察和实验的探究 
第 5 页 共 6 页 
一样?接下来我们分小组讨论,完成在根尖结构细胞特点与其功能相适应的。 小组讨论: 
小组汇报:按照PPT上回答模式: 
 
总结:说明结构特点与其功能相适应的,这也是我们学习生物一直要遵循的一个原则。 
师:能否根据刚才的分析找出根尖结构图中4个分区的细胞图做出最大特点 
 
直接把根尖放到显微镜低倍镜下观察不同结构分区; 再换成永久装片观察根尖不同区域的结构特点 
装片观察根尖结构,符合学生从宏观到微观,从熟悉到知识建构的认知特点 
根尖吸水的原因——细胞失水和吸水(10分钟) 
过渡:通过刚才分析,我们可以知道植物吸水的器官是根,吸水的主要部分是在根尖的根毛区。而根毛区凸起表皮增大了根尖的吸水面积。但是植物的根毛细胞是不是在任何情况下,它都一定能从土壤中吸收到水分呢? 生:不一定! 操作演示: 
利用数码显微镜直接投影细胞失水,选用洋葱的外表皮(含有较多紫色的花青素存在于细胞液泡中的细胞液,便于观察细胞液的大小变化),做成临时装片,放在低倍镜下观察。先在载玻片的一侧滴加浓盐水,几秒内就能在白板屏幕上直接观察到细胞失水;再滴加清水复原细胞,2-3分钟后可直接观察到细胞吸水现象。  
实物展示(对准桌面) 制作洋葱临时装片  
白板调到数码显微镜画面  
洋葱外表皮临时装片吸水失水质壁分离动态实验的呈现,极大的给予了学生视觉效果的震
 
                    
             
                    
                            撼感 
   
分析总结: 
 
拓展应用: 
对比萎焉的植物的照片,应该采用浇清水;而对植物施肥,需要注意化肥配置的浓度不能过高。 
操作:先滴浓盐水 吸水纸吸收浓盐水后再滴清水 
 
课堂总结(4分钟) 
师:学完这节课,你收获了什么?生:做适当的总结 师:接下来我们在一个微视频中结束我们今天的这节课。 
结束语: 
 
 
播放“课堂总结”的微视频 通过微视频让学生
再回顾本
节课的知
识内容 
 
附:板书设计 
4.3植物的根与物质吸收(第1课时) 
 
直根系   分类     作用                             根毛区 须根系       根 固定   部位        结构   伸长区 
吸收         根尖          分生区 
原理                   根冠  
细胞浓度>外界溶液浓度 ,细胞失水 细胞浓度<外界溶液浓度 ,细胞吸水
4.3植物的根与物质吸收(第1课时)
 
 
 
知识与技能:区别直根系和须根系,掌握根尖各结构细胞特点和对应的主要功能,理解根尖细
胞吸水和失水的原理。
过程与方法:通过观察不同植物的根系,区别直根系和须根系;通过组织学生用放大镜培养学生的观察能力;通过显微镜观察根尖的结构和细胞失水实验的微观呈现, 培养学生分析总结能力。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
情感、态度与价值观:通过学习根尖4大区域的细胞结构特点和相应功能,使学生建立“结构与功能相适应”的生物学习观点;通过对生活植物常见现象的分析,让学生再次体会科学的生活化,学习科学的方法观察与实验。
 
主题探究一:认识根系
蔬菜大比拼:观察几种植物的根,对根系进行分类并写出分类的依据。2

植物的名称:
植物的名称:
 
 
 
          A组                                           B组
 
 
 
 
 
该组植物根系的特点:                           该组植物根系的特点:
                                                                          
                                                                           
 
 
主题探究二:探究植物吸水的主要部位在根的哪里? 
教育网
  1. 剪去植物的根尖是基于什么假设                                 
  2. “涂上石蜡”的目的是                                         
3、预测实验现象:                                               
4、实验结论:                                                   
 
 
主题探究三:探究根尖吸水的主要原因
(一)、实物观察:观察萌发种子的根尖
   你先用肉眼找到幼根上绒毛,这就是            。
根尖着生根毛的区域称          ,根尖的吸水区主要是        。
   再用放大镜观察:                     
 
(二)、微观呈现
观察对象:玉米根尖纵切的永久装片
  1. 组长:对照课本图4-20根尖纵切结构模式图,在低倍和高倍显微镜下,找出从根尖的最前端向上的四个部分:       、       区、      区和       区,供组员观察。
 
结构名称 细胞的结构特点        功能
D            
表皮细胞           
细胞壁       细胞内有较大的
 
是根尖吸收        
和     的主要部位
C          细胞体积较               使根不断        
B      细胞壁        细胞核       
细胞排列          
具有         能力
A      细胞壁         外层细胞排列      
内层细胞排列                 
起          作用
  1. 组员:阅读课本140-141有关根尖的结构的内容,完成以下表格,并结合显微镜下的微观视图,进行辨认

           
     
 
     
 
   

 
 

讨论:农业移植作物幼苗时为什么要带土移植?
 
 
 
 
 
  • 、微观呈现:植物失水和吸水
 
结论:植物失水和吸水的原因是                                        
 
 
 
讨论:生活中有哪些现象利用了植物的失水和吸水的原理?



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